Physics Theory The relative wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves of three different colours of light (blue, green, and red) with a distance scale in micrometers along the x-axis Ionizing radiation can cause chemical reactions and damage living cells beyond simply heating, and can be a health hazard and dangerous In contrast, high frequency ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays are ionizing – individual photons of such high frequency have enough energy to ionize molecules or break chemical bonds. The effect of non-ionizing radiation on chemical systems and living tissue is primarily simply heating, through the combined energy transfer of many photons. EMR of visible or lower frequencies (i.e., visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves) is non-ionizing because its photons do not individually have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules or to break chemical bonds. The effects of EMR upon chemical compounds and biological organisms depend both upon the radiation's power and its frequency. A single gamma ray photon, for example, might carry ~100,000 times the energy of a single photon of visible light. This relationship is given by Planck's equation E = hf, where E is the energy per photon, f is the frequency of the photon, and h is the Planck constant. The energy of an individual photon is quantized and is greater for photons of higher frequency. Quantum effects provide additional sources of EMR, such as the transition of electrons to lower energy levels in an atom and black-body radiation. Quantum electrodynamics is the theory of how EMR interacts with matter on an atomic level. In quantum mechanics, an alternate way of viewing EMR is that it consists of photons, uncharged elementary particles with zero rest mass which are the quanta of the electromagnetic field, responsible for all electromagnetic interactions. In this language, the near field refers to EM fields near the charges and current that directly produced them, specifically electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction phenomena. Thus, EMR is sometimes referred to as the far field. Electromagnetic radiation is associated with those EM waves that are free to propagate themselves ("radiate") without the continuing influence of the moving charges that produced them, because they have achieved sufficient distance from those charges. EM waves carry energy, momentum, and angular momentum away from their source particle and can impart those quantities to matter with which they interact. Įlectromagnetic waves are emitted by electrically charged particles undergoing acceleration, and these waves can subsequently interact with other charged particles, exerting force on them. In order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Electromagnetic waves of different frequency are called by different names since they have different sources and effects on matter. The position of an electromagnetic wave within the electromagnetic spectrum can be characterized by either its frequency of oscillation or its wavelength. In homogeneous, isotropic media, the oscillations of the two fields are on average perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation, forming a transverse wave. In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, commonly denoted c. Depending on the frequency of oscillation, different wavelengths of electromagnetic spectrum are produced. Ĭlassically, electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. Types of EMR include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, all of which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is not a standard abbreviation.In physics, electromagnetic radiation ( EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy. Geometric Optics Definitions, Quantities įor conveinece in the table below, " r-surface" refers to reflecting/refracting surface.
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Reinforcement locations are determined, rebar placed, and grouting occurs.Openings and odd angles are cut with a handsaw or bandsaw.Walls are plumbed, leveled, and squared with a rubber mallet.Blocks are stacked together with a thin-bed mortar in a running bond with a minimum of 6-inch overlap. Depending on the type of finish selected, they can be directly adhered or mechanically attached to the face of AAC. Manufacturers offer training seminars, and it’s usually adequate to have one or two knowledgeable installers on small projects. Panels are heavier due to their size and require the use of a crane for placement. Sometimes, carpenters get involved in installation. Cored blocks available for creating vertical reinforced grout cells.ĭue to the similarity to traditional concrete masonry, autoclaved aerated concrete units (block) can be easily installed by concrete masons.Tongue and groove blocks are available from some manufacturers, and these connect to adjacent units without mortar at vertical edges.U-shaped bond beam or lintel blocks are available in thicknesses of 8, 10, and 12 inches.A standard 8-by-8-by-24 inch unit weighs about 33 pounds.Thickness: 6, 8, 10, or 12 inches (4 inches thick interiorīlocks are larger and lighter than traditional concrete masonry:.Panels extend from floor to top of the wall: AAC averages about 37 pounds per cubic foot (pcf), so blocks can be placed by hand, but panels, because of their size, usually require a small crane or other piece of equipment. (Concave depressions along vertical edges can create a cylindrical core between 2 adjacent panels.) For usual applications, a vertical cell is placed at corners, on either side of openings, and at 6- to 8-foot spacings along a wall. For structural needs, grouted, reinforced cells and beams are placed within the wall section. Blocks are stacked similarly to conventional masonry, but with a thin-bed mortar, and panels are stood vertically, spanning full-story heights. It also requires a protective finish since the material is porous and would deteriorate if left exposed.īoth blocks and panels are available. Because it is lower strength than most concrete products or systems, in load-bearing applications, it must typically be reinforced. If it has to be shipped, its light weight is advantageous. It is not as widely available as most concrete products, though it can be shipped anywhere. That light weight also gives a high sound reduction for privacy, both from outside noises and from other rooms when used as interior partition walls.īut the material does have some limitations. The light weight means that R-values for AAC are comparable to conventional frame walls, but they have higher thermal mass, provide air tightness, and as just noted, are not combustible.And because it is noncombustible, it will not burn or give off toxic fumes. Fire resistance is excellent, with eight inch thick AAC achieving a four-hour rating (actual performance exceeds that and meets test requirements for up to eight hours).Units are precisely shaped and conform to tight tolerances. A cement-based material, AAC resists water, rot, mold, mildew, and insects. This gives it design and construction flexibility, and the ability to make easy adjustments in the field. Its light weight/cellular properties make it easy to cut, shave, and shape, accept nails and screws readily, and allow it to be routed to create chases for electrical conduits and smaller-diameter plumbing runs. Autoclaved aerated concrete combines insulation and structural capability in one material for walls, floors, and roofs. Key aspects of AAC, whether designing or building with it, are described below: Advantages In order to be durable, AAC requires some type of applied finish, such as a polymer-modified stucco, natural or manufactured stone, or siding. The lightweight material offers excellent sound and thermal insulation, and like all cement-based materials, is strong and fire resistant. Components can be used for walls, floors, and roofs. Cured blocks or panels of autoclaved aerated concrete are joined with thin bed mortar. In the factory where it is made, the material is molded and cut into precisely dimensioned units. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80 percent air. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. The girls have dropped straight back into their usual routine almost as if the last week never happened (they barely looked up from their beds as I left this morning) and I am (at least I hope I am) over the worst of my cold, and back at work again. )Īnyway, Cinder was delivered back to her mum earlier this week, happy, cheerful and, thankfully, undamaged. (The girls listened carefully but their unblinking stares made me think perhaps they needed a just little while longer to process this point of view. As I explained to the girls yesterday, sometimes being jolted out of our routine every now and again is a good thing as it makes us realise just how happy, calm and easy a life we normally lead. How could they be expected to keep up their ever-protective surveillance of me whilst also constantly looking over their shoulders in anticipation of one of Cinder’s playful (and unrelenting) ‘blitz-bombs’? They were both starting to look somewhat frayed around the edges, to say the least.īut, you know, it’s all good. In between (over)dosing myself up on various cough, cold and flu medications I seemed to spend most of the week constantly searching for one of my slippers (always the left one) which mysteriously kept going missing, checking that whatever Cinder was chewing on now was actually a doggie chew-stick and not just some random object she had found lying around the house, or cajoling Molly to come out from under a bush in the garden which she had decided was her new home.Īnd poor Mabel and Maude. If my girls thought having me home all day for a week was exhausting, having Cinder thrown into the mix just about finished them off.Ĭinder was adorable, sweet, gentle and hilarious (as all puppies are) and I thoroughly enjoyed having her come to stay, but it is a long time now (6 years) since we have had a puppy in the house and you forget how much time, energy and space a puppy can take up. If I get up to make a cup of tea they will all follow me into the kitchen (although that’s not so very special-they would follow anyone into the kitchen.) I will barely step out of the back door before they have found themselves several sunny vantage points in the garden from which to track my every move.įor three little dogs who usually seem to spend most of their time napping, it must be absolutely exhausting.Īnd last week of course, not only was I not well and housebound for most of my ‘holiday’, but we were also ‘puppy minding’ a four month old Cavoodle named Cinder. On returning to the living room, sure enough, they are all right back where they were before. and find they have all, as if by magic, resettled to that room. When I am reading they will all settle happily with me and soon be fast asleep, but if I need to go to another room I will get up (ever so quietly so as not to disturb them) turn around. Everyday routines are inevitably disrupted and for some reason the girls feel the need to keep a more watchful eye on me at these times than they would during a normal working week. Weekends and holidays are different of course. In fact, I am pretty sure they quite look forward to seeing me out the door so they can have the rest of the day to themselves to do whatever it is they do all day-after seeing ‘ The Secret Life of Pets‘ I think I prefer not to know .) My leaving for the day doesn’t seem to bother the girls at all. (There appears to be no such thing as ‘separation anxiety’ in my house. Picking up my handbag and keys is a sign for the girls to immediately retire to their favourite sleepytime places (Mabel on one end of the couch, Molly on the other, and Maudie in amongst the pillows on my bed) and to have one last cuddle each before I head off for work. While I shower, dress and put my face on (a la Eleanor Rigby), the girls potter around the back garden, watch the birds at the bird feeder or (in Molly’s case) sit by the food bowl in a not-so-subtle attempt to remind me to throw a few more ‘goodoes’ in there-just in case starvation sets in sometime during the day. We go out for our early morning walk, have our breakfast and watch the morning news together. I have mentioned before how much my little family runs on routine. Typically thought of as a game for advanced to expert players, Spider Solitaire (4 Suits) uses two decks of cards (104 cards) made up of 2 sets of Hearts, 2 sets of Diamonds, 2 sets of Spades, and 2 sets of Clubs. Be patient, think ahead, and practice is how you’ll win this game.If Spider Solitaire 1 Suit or 2 Suits has become a bit too easy, give Spider Solitaire 4 Suits a try. Spider Solitaire is a fun game for those who like a challenge. In addition to the differences in card layout, Solitaire Social has many additional advantages over Spider Solitaire. The prizes are spells, shields and coins. There are also daily quests for more advantages within the Solitaire Social game. There is also the Knockout Tournament, where you go through 3 continuous rounds against 3 other players until there is only one winner. The garden is unlocked after five tournaments. That’s right you can decorate your garden, which can be improved with the winnings from the tournaments. Eight people compete in a series of matches to be the best of the best! These trophies and spells also lend themselves to upgrade your additional locations. The main draw is the multiplayer Solitaire Tournaments. But be careful, sometimes it can lead to a deadlock situation. Use the free magnet tool to move your cards to the foundation automatically. The Freezer allows you to freeze all your opponent’s moves for 20 seconds, зerfect for speed play. Magic can also be used as in-game currency to buy other spells. When the game is critical, the Magic power-up can save you time by unlocking cards faster and making quick moves. The one you are introduced to is Magic, the strongest spell in the game. However, there are unique ones at play too. Some power-ups are self-explanatory, such as hint and undo. You can invite your friends or compete strangers worldwide with special power-ups and more! You are introduced to special game options when you sign up (no download or payment required). Solitaire Social uses the Klondike Solitaire layout in with some unique spells you will not find in another online game. Let’s compare Spider Solitaire with Solitaire Social You cannot move a card if it is being blocked by another, regardless of which way it is facing. It gets harder to make full columns when you add more cards. When there are no more moves to make, use the talon to create a new row of cards. Because of this, in games with multiple suits, you won’t be able to move mixed suits from one column to another – don’t forget that. You will need to get sequences of the same suit. Notice that the online Spider Solitaire has several variants of the game: If you have a several cards in a row (i.e., 9,8, 7, and 6), and a card of the next highest level (10 for this example) becomes available, you can move the whole sequence of cards. For example, a 5 can only be placed on a 6. To reach the game’s goal, you can only move a faced-up card onto another if the card is in descending order. That’s why game was called Spider Solitaire! We can compare them with 8 legs of a spider. These sequences should be in descending order, from King to ace. The game’s goal is to make eight sequences of cards within a column. The goal is to transfer all cards from the tableau to the foundation pile in ascending order, starting from an Ace and ending with a King. The top card of each column faces up while the rest faces down. The tableau has 10 columns, with the first four having six cards each and the remaining having five cards each. The other 50 cards are positioned in the stock pile for players to draw if they run out of cards. 54 cards are initially placed across 10 columns on the table, and these columns are known as a tableau. Spider Solitaire uses two decks of 52 cards each. Introduction To Spider Solitaire Card Games We’ll explain Spider Solitaire rules and show you how to play Spider Solitaire effectively. We have written a guide to help you understand everything about this game. It was popularized by Microsoft, which created a pre-installed version in all Windows operating systems. Spider Solitaire started in the late 1940s, drawing its name from a spider’s eight legs being compared to the eight foundation piles present in the game. Then she tries to pass it off as self-defense. What drove her to commit this brutal act?Ī middle-class Houston housewife ties her husband to their bed and stabs him 192 times. This pampered trophy wife hired three people to kill her multi-millionaire husband in a fake home invasion robbery. This wealthy real estate developer hired a hit man to kill her husband and a lawyer who opposed her political ambitions. What made her snap?Īn upper-middle-class woman and her lover allegedly conspire to kill her husband but the wrong man is murdered. However, the police were soon on her trail.Ī romantic weekend getaway went awry when, rather than rekindle their marriage, a woman poisoned her husband and then set fire to his body. What drove her to this final, desperate act?Įlena Kiejliches, the wife of a wealthy Russian businessman, shot her husband in their Staten Island mansion before taking a trip to Disney World. Her fatal mistake was ditching the sapphic spouse slayer soon after the crime.ĭid Virginia Larzelere, the wife of a Florida dentist, convince her own sons to kill her husband for the insurance money?Ĭlara Harris, a successful dentist, mowed down her philandering orthodontist husband with her Mercedes. The frustrated wife of a multi-millionaire convinced her lesbian lover to kill her husband. Episodes Ī complete list of Snapped episodes: Season 1 (2004) Snapped season 1 episodes No. The event culminated in the airing of the 500th episode, focusing on the murder of Randy Sheridan, on November 22, 2020. In October 2020, Oxygen announced-in celebration of the series' 500th episode-it would air a two-week experience, billed as " Snapped: The Killer Women Event." The event will include original pilot episode and a never-before-seen episode. The new narrator is actress Jody Flader, according to the end-of-episode credits and Flader's web site. In February 2018, Martin announced she would no longer narrate the series. She acquired an additional credit as a supervising producer of the series. Sharon Martin took the role of narrator in its third season, with a distinctive and pronounced oral cadence. Īctresses Laura San Giacomo and Ronnie Farer narrated the first and second seasons, respectively. Snapped first aired on August 6, 2004, with the pilot episode, "Celeste Beard Johnson" The series is currently in its thirty-second season of production at Jupiter Entertainment. A few rare episodes during the series run have centered on male perpetrators, while a larger number of episodes have featured men who conspired with the central female perpetrator in the crime. The program is edited in a documentary style, using a central voice-over narration by actress Jody Flader, as well as interviews with people in possession of first-hand knowledge of the case, including law enforcement officials, lawyers, journalists, friends and family members of both the victims and the accused, and at times the criminals or victims themselves. Often the target is the individual's spouse. The series features non-fiction narratives of people who have committed murder or attempted murder or have been accused of committing or attempting to commit murder. As of November 22, 2020, 500 original episodes of Snapped have aired. The show also played a large role in the decision by parent company NBCUniversal to relaunch Oxygen as a crime network in 2017. It has since become the network's longest-running original series, with its 28 defined seasons and sixteen years in production (and two spin-offs) outlasting the seventeen seasons and thirteen years of the Bad Girls Club. Each episode outlines the motivation for murder, whether it be revenge against a cheating husband or lover, a large insurance payoff, or the ending to years of abuse, with each murder's circumstances as unique as the women profiled. The series depicts high profile or bizarre cases of women accused of murder. Snapped is an American true crime television series produced by Jupiter Entertainment. Do companies not understand that some people only have the occasional one off document they need to deal with? Why does everything have to be a subscription these days? Its aggravating. I filled everything out, then find out I need to enter payment details for my free 30 day trial. You are simply required to upload PDF form either through online URL or local file, type anywhere, sign the form, add texts in 3 different colors, sign your name and/or others names by selecting handwriting styles fonts, choose the available options and then save the filled PDF form locally. 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In the final step in this chain of reasoning, we used the fact that in equilibrium in the old frame of reference, S, the first term vanishes because of Equation 12.5 and the second term vanishes because of Equation 12.2. ∑ k τ → ′ k = ∑ k r → ′ k × F → k = ∑ k ( r → k − R → ) × F → k = ∑ k r → k × F → k − ∑ k R → × F → k = ∑ k τ → k − R → × ∑ k F → k = 0 →. From our study of relative motion, we know that in the new frame of reference S ′, S ′, the position vector r → ′ k r → ′ k of the point where the force F → k F → k is applied is related to r → k r → k via the equation Suppose vector R → R → is the position of the origin of a new inertial frame of reference S ′ S ′ in the old inertial frame of reference S. The explanation for this is fairly straightforward. However, when rotational and translational equilibrium conditions hold simultaneously in one frame of reference, then they also hold in any other inertial frame of reference, so that the net torque about any axis of rotation is still zero. Therefore, torque depends on the location of the axis in the reference frame. However, the second condition involves torque, which is defined as a cross product, τ → k = r → k × F → k, τ → k = r → k × F → k, where the position vector r → k r → k with respect to the axis of rotation of the point where the force is applied enters the equation. The first condition involves only forces and is therefore independent of the origin of the reference frame. The first and second equilibrium conditions are stated in a particular reference frame. The second equilibrium condition means that in equilibrium, there is no net external torque to cause rotation about any axis. Since the laws of physics are identical for all inertial reference frames, in an inertial frame of reference, there is no distinction between static equilibrium and equilibrium.Īccording to Newton’s second law of motion, the linear acceleration of a rigid body is caused by a net force acting on it, or Because the motion is relative, what is in static equilibrium to us is in dynamic equilibrium to the moving observer, and vice versa. Notice that the distinction between the state of rest and a state of uniform motion is artificial-that is, an object may be at rest in our selected frame of reference, yet to an observer moving at constant velocity relative to our frame, the same object appears to be in uniform motion with constant velocity. We say that a rigid body is in static equilibrium when it is at rest in our selected frame of reference. This means that a body in equilibrium can be moving, but if so, its linear and angular velocities must be constant. We say that a rigid body is in equilibrium when both its linear and angular acceleration are zero relative to an inertial frame of reference. Once the Google Play Store app is launched, click on the Sign in button.
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